Calling a medicine intranasal does not establish that different formulations deliver equivalent exposure.
The review explained how nasal anatomy, limited dose volume, epithelial barriers and mucociliary clearance affect rescue-drug delivery. It discussed purpose-designed benzodiazepine nasal products and other administration approaches, including the role of excipients and concentration in achieving useful absorption.
This was a narrative synthesis, not a direct trial of every spray, atomizer and injectable formulation used nasally. Its historical product discussion is not a statement of current regulatory status. Potential direct-to-brain pathways do not establish their contribution in a particular clinical administration.
For exposure reconstruction, identify the exact product, delivery device, volume and administration circumstances. Avoid treating equal nominal milligrams across formulations as proof of equal absorbed dose. Time to obtain access and administer treatment also differs from absorption time after delivery.
Source: Publication PMC9829802. The case-review applications above are interpretive analysis.
Related reading: ICU Target-Controlled Infusion Review Emphasized Model Validation Beyond the Pump Setting.